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Since internal medicine is considered such a broad field, students need to specialize. Early courses include (bio)chemistry, anatomy, and physiology. More advanced courses concentrating on the various organ systems (cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, neurological system, etc.) follow as the student starts to specialize.
Students also learn about non-surgical methods of treating diseases, such as radiation therapy, dialysis, mechanical ventilation, medications, and ultrasound. They also learn when non-surgical treatment is inadequate, and how to facilitate the patient's transfer to a surgical specialist.
Courses in doctor-patient relationships, patient psychology, sociology, and various clinical practices are offered during the students' degree. Departmental seminars are a staple of the degree program, consisting of recent advances in various medical practices and current research.
The last years of the MD are spent in practical applications where rotations are spent in their specialized discipline of choice (rheumatology, cardiology, endocrinology, nephrology, neurology, gastroenterology, etc.). Students perform histories on patients, physical exams, and work-ups of patient problems.
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